Technical Library
Sensing Glue on Paper with Capacitive Sensors
Capacitive Application Note LA03-0040
Copyright © 2007 Lion Precision. www.lionprecision.com
Summary
Water-based glue applied to a thin, nonconductive substrate such as paper, is sensed for presence/absence and/or volume using capacitive sensors.
The Problem
The application of glue to a paper substrate can be a critical piece of a manufacturing process. Using glue sensors to detect the presence/absence of the glue as it is applied is a preemptive measure preventing loss of quality or product failure later in the process.
The Solution
Capacitive Sensor Operation
Nonconductive material coupling the electric field to a grounded surface.
Capacitive sensors work with an oscillating electric field. The electric field exists between the probe and a grounded surface. The grounded surface may be the target itself (if the target is conductive), or the grounded surface may surround a nonconductive target.
Capacitive sensors are affected by two things:
the distance between the probe and a grounded surface, and
the dielectric constant of the material between the probe and the grounded surface.
As the amount of nonconductive material increases (which increases the dielectric), the electric field is more tightly coupled to the grounded surface, causing the sensor output to increase.
Single-Sensor Glue Sensing
Glue detection through paper
The dielectric constant of air is 1. Water has a very high dielectric constant (80) making it an excellent nonconductive target for capacitive sensors. Many adhesives are water-based. If the gap between the probe and paper/glue can be held constant, any changes in the sensor output will be a reflection of changes in the amount of glue.
To avoid contact with active adhesive, the best approach is to measure through the paper as shown to the right. A small gap between the probe and the paper prevents any glue seepage from contacting the probe surface.
Dual-Sensor Glue Sensing
Dual-Sensor usage to remove paper variations from glue measurement
This single-probe operation works well with thin, very dry paper which has a very low dielectric. If the paper is thicker or the environment varies in humidity, a second probe may be used to monitor the paper, away from the glue. The paper measurement is then subtracted from the glue measurement, negating any changes resulting from changes in the dielectric of the paper.
Glue Thickness and Output Voltage
The sensitivity of the sensor to changes in glue thickness will depend on the composition of the glue and the calibration of the sensor. This sensitivity will have to be characterized in the application to determine proper scaling.
In Production
The output voltage of the sensor(s) will be more positive when glue is increased. In its simplest form, when the voltage drops below some experimentally determined value, the system can alert an operator or PLC that glue is no longer present.
In more sophisticated applications, the output voltage may be used as feedback in a glue-volume servo system.
Cautions
Probe Mounting
When measuring through paper, it is important that a grounded surface be as near as possible to the probe. The best application mounts the probe through a hole (without any counterbore) in a grounded metal plate over which the paper/glue will travel. This surrounds the probe with a grounded surface at minimum distance which provides maximum sensitivity to the glue.
Glue Composition Variation
Measurements are dependent on the composition of the glue. Changes in the glue's composition (more or less water), will be seen as changes in glue volume. This is of much less concern in a presence/absence only application.
Recommended Equipment
Probe
Ideally, the glue area should completely cover the sensing area of the probe. The other selection factor is mounting considerations. A common choice is the C5-2.0 probe which features a 5mm probe body, a 2 mm sensing area and a 90° cable exit.
Driver Electronics
Compact Driver
The Compact Driver features up to six sensing channels and a small footprint in an enclosed housing. The Compact Driver has a low-noise output and requires a ±15VDC power supply and has no user adjustments.
CPA100
The CPA100 driver features a DIN-Rail mount enclosure and operates from 24VDC. It provides a single sensing channel and an analog and NPN switched output. Includes Gain and Zero adjustments.
